Bogurodzica

In this post, I am using the excellent video of Bugurodzica by @PolishSound and reconstructing how it would have sounded at the beginning of the historic Polish nation in 966 A.D., when Christianity was introduced from Czech/Moravia. Then I compare it with InterSlavic (common Slavic), which is practically the same, as all pre-Christian Slavic nations spoke the same language.

Please note that in early Polish, modern Czech, Moravian, Slovak, and Góralski, the accent stress is on the first syllable.  

Old Polish, ~1410 A.D. Grunwald battle
(Polish shifting toward penultimate stress)

BOguROdziCA, DZIEwiCA,
BOgiem sławiEna MAria,
U TWEgo SYna GospoDZIna,
MAtko zwoLEna MAria.
ZYszczy NAM, spUści NAM,
KYrie eLEison.

TWEgo DZiela KrzciciELA, BOżycze,
USłysz GŁOsy, naPEłń MYśli człoWIEcze.
SŁYsz modliTWĘ, JĄż noSIMy,
A DAć RAczy, JEGoż proSIMy:
A na ŚWIEcie ZBOżny PObyt,
Po ŻYwoCIE RAjski PRZEbyt.
KYrie eLEison.

 

Early Polish, ~XI c. (similar to early Moravian)
(First-syllable accent, like Czech, Slovak, Góralski)

BOgoROdica, DĚvica, BOgom SLAvljena MArija,
U TvojEgo SYna GOSpȯdina, MAtko IZvolena, MArija!
ZYsči nam, SPųšti nam, KYrie ELeison.

TvojEgo DĚla KŘstitelja, BOžiče,
USlyši GLAsy, NApolni MYslь ČLOvěčьje;
SLyši MOLitvų, Ǫž NOsimo,
I DAj RĄči, JEGož PROsimy:
NA světě ZBOžny PObyt,
PO životě RAjsko PRĚbytie.
KYrie ELeison.

Interslavic (ABČŽ with archaisms)
(Neutralized pan-Slavic, with first-syllable stress)

BOgoroDica, DĚvica, BOgom SLAvljena MArija,
U TvojEgo SYna GOSpȯdina, MAtko IZvolena, MArija!
DAj nam, SPųšti nam, GOSpodi POmiluj.

TvojEgo DĚla KRĚstitelja, BOžiče,
USlyši GLAsy, NApolni MYslь ČLOvěčьje;
SLyši MOLitvų, Ǫž NOsimo,
I DAj RĄči, JEGož PROsimy:
NA světě ZBOžny PObyt,
PO životě RAjsko PRĚbytie.
GOSpodi POmiluj.

Interslavic (Cyrillic with archaisms)
(First-syllable stress likewise)

БОгoрoДицa, ДѢвицa, БОгoмъ СЛaвленa МАрїja,
У Твоjегo СЫнa ГОспȯдинa, МАткo ИЗволенa, МАрїja!
ДАj нaмъ, СПѫшти нaмъ, ГОспoди ПОмилуj.

Твоjегo ДѢлa КРстителja, БОжиче,
УСлыши ГЛaсы, НАпoлни МЫсль ЧЕЛовѣчьje;
СЛыши МОлитвѫ, Ѫж НОсимo,
И ДАj РѪчи, ЄГoж ПРОсимo:
НА свѣтѣ ЗБОжны ПОбыт,
ПО животѣ РАjскo ПРЕбытiе.
ГОспoди ПОмилуj.

Early Góralski (Slovak/Podhale Highlander speech)

BOgorodźica, DZiewica,  

BOgiym sławiyńo Maryjo,  

U TWEgo Syńa Gospodyńa,  

MAtko zwolyno Maryjo!  

ZYScyj nom, SPuści nom,  

Kyrie eleison.  

TWEgo dziela Krsciciyla, Bożyce,  

USłys głośi, NApóń myśli ćłowiecze.  

SŁys modlitwę, jům nosimy,  

A DOj raci, jegoż prosimy:  

NA świycie zbożny pobyt,  

PO żywocie rajski przebycie.  

Kyrie eleison.   

Comparison table (key words from Bogurodzica)

English 🇬🇧🇺🇸	Interslavic (latin / cyrillic)	Polski ~1410 🇵🇱	Early Polish ~XI c. 🇵🇱	Русский 🇷🇺	O.C.S. ☦️
Mother of God	Bogorodica / Богородица	BoguRodzica	BogoRodica	Богородица	Богородица
Virgin	děvica / дѣвица	Dziewica	DĚvica	дева	дѣва
Mary	Marija / Марїја	Maria	Marija	Мария	Марїа
Lord	Gospȯdin / Госпȯдин	Gospodzin	Gospȯdin	Господь	Господь
Chosen	izvolena / изволена	zwolena	izvolena	избранная	избрана
Grant / bestow	daj rąči / дај рѫчи	dać raczy	daj rąči	дай благоволи	даждь изволи
Hear (imp.)	uslyši / услыши	usłysz	uslyši	услышь	услыши
Voices	glasy / гласы	głosy	glasy	голоса	гласы
Human	člověčьje / человѣчьje	człowiecze	člověčьje	человеческий	человѣчьскъ
Prayer	molitvų / молитвѫ	modlitwę	molitvų	молитву	молитву
Which (rel.)	ǫž / ѫж	jąż	ǫž	юже	ѫже
World	světě / свѣтѣ	świecie	světě	свете	святѣ
Pious	zbožny / збожны	zbożny	zbožny	благочестивый	благочестивъ
Life	životě / животѣ	żywocie	životě	жизни	животѣ
Abode	prěbytie / пребытїе	przebyt	prěbytie	пребывание	пребытиѥ
Paradise	rajьsko / райьско	rajski	rajьsko	райский	райскъ

Kyrie eleison

The refrain Kyrie eleison is Greek: Κύριε ἐλέησον. It means “Lord, have mercy.” It entered the earliest Slavic liturgy directly from Byzantine Christianity, before full translation into local tongues. In later Slavic usage it was often replaced with the calque Gospodi pomiluj (Interslavic), Господи помилуй (Russian, OCS), or Gospodi smiluj se (South Slavic). However, in medieval Poland the Greek form was preserved in Bogurodzica, which is why we still sing it that way today. This mixture of Greek and Slavic shows how Christianity arrived to the Slavs through Constantinople and Moravia, blending new sacred words with native speech.

Bogurodzica

In this post, I am using the excellent video of Bugurodzica by @PolishSound and reconstructing how it would have sounded at the beginning of the historic Polish nation in 966 A.D., when Christianity was introduced from Czech/Moravia. Then I compare it with InterSlavic (common Slavic), which is practically the same, as all pre-Christian Slavic nations spoke the same language.

Please note that in early Polish, modern Czech, Moravian, Slovak, and Góralski, the accent stress is on the first syllable.  

Old Polish, ~1410 A.D. Grunwald battle
(Polish shifting toward penultimate stress)

BOguROdziCA, DZIEwiCA,
BOgiem sławiEna MAria,
U TWEgo SYna GospoDZIna,
MAtko zwoLEna MAria.
ZYszczy NAM, spUści NAM,
KYrie eLEison.

TWEgo DZiela KrzciciELA, BOżycze,
USłysz GŁOsy, naPEłń MYśli człoWIEcze.
SŁYsz modliTWĘ, JĄż noSIMy,
A DAć RAczy, JEGoż proSIMy:
A na ŚWIEcie ZBOżny PObyt,
Po ŻYwoCIE RAjski PRZEbyt.
KYrie eLEison.

 

Early Polish, ~XI c. (similar to early Moravian)
(First-syllable accent, like Czech, Slovak, Góralski)

BOgoROdica, DĚvica, BOgom SLAvljena MArija,
U TvojEgo SYna GOSpȯdina, MAtko IZvolena, MArija!
ZYsči nam, SPųšti nam, KYrie ELeison.

TvojEgo DĚla KŘstitelja, BOžiče,
USlyši GLAsy, NApolni MYslь ČLOvěčьje;
SLyši MOLitvų, Ǫž NOsimo,
I DAj RĄči, JEGož PROsimy:
NA světě ZBOžny PObyt,
PO životě RAjsko PRĚbytie.
KYrie ELeison.

Interslavic (ABČŽ with archaisms)
(Neutralized pan-Slavic, with first-syllable stress)

BOgoroDica, DĚvica, BOgom SLAvljena MArija,
U TvojEgo SYna GOSpȯdina, MAtko IZvolena, MArija!
DAj nam, SPųšti nam, GOSpodi POmiluj.

TvojEgo DĚla KRĚstitelja, BOžiče,
USlyši GLAsy, NApolni MYslь ČLOvěčьje;
SLyši MOLitvų, Ǫž NOsimo,
I DAj RĄči, JEGož PROsimy:
NA světě ZBOžny PObyt,
PO životě RAjsko PRĚbytie.
GOSpodi POmiluj.

Interslavic (Cyrillic with archaisms)
(First-syllable stress likewise)

БОгoрoДицa, ДѢвицa, БОгoмъ СЛaвленa МАрїja,
У Твоjегo СЫнa ГОспȯдинa, МАткo ИЗволенa, МАрїja!
ДАj нaмъ, СПѫшти нaмъ, ГОспoди ПОмилуj.

Твоjегo ДѢлa КРстителja, БОжиче,
УСлыши ГЛaсы, НАпoлни МЫсль ЧЕЛовѣчьje;
СЛыши МОлитвѫ, Ѫж НОсимo,
И ДАj РѪчи, ЄГoж ПРОсимo:
НА свѣтѣ ЗБОжны ПОбыт,
ПО животѣ РАjскo ПРЕбытiе.
ГОспoди ПОмилуj.

Early Góralski (Slovak/Podhale Highlander speech)

BOgorodźica, DZiewica,  

BOgiym sławiyńo Maryjo,  

U TWEgo Syńa Gospodyńa,  

MAtko zwolyno Maryjo!  

ZYScyj nom, SPuści nom,  

Kyrie eleison.  

TWEgo dziela Krsciciyla, Bożyce,  

USłys głośi, NApóń myśli ćłowiecze.  

SŁys modlitwę, jům nosimy,  

A DOj raci, jegoż prosimy:  

NA świycie zbożny pobyt,  

PO żywocie rajski przebycie.  

Kyrie eleison.   

Comparison table (key words from Bogurodzica)

English 🇬🇧🇺🇸	Interslavic (latin / cyrillic)	Polski ~1410 🇵🇱	Early Polish ~XI c. 🇵🇱	Русский 🇷🇺	O.C.S. ☦️
Mother of God	Bogorodica / Богородица	BoguRodzica	BogoRodica	Богородица	Богородица
Virgin	děvica / дѣвица	Dziewica	DĚvica	дева	дѣва
Mary	Marija / Марїја	Maria	Marija	Мария	Марїа
Lord	Gospȯdin / Госпȯдин	Gospodzin	Gospȯdin	Господь	Господь
Chosen	izvolena / изволена	zwolena	izvolena	избранная	избрана
Grant / bestow	daj rąči / дај рѫчи	dać raczy	daj rąči	дай благоволи	даждь изволи
Hear (imp.)	uslyši / услыши	usłysz	uslyši	услышь	услыши
Voices	glasy / гласы	głosy	glasy	голоса	гласы
Human	člověčьje / человѣчьje	człowiecze	člověčьje	человеческий	человѣчьскъ
Prayer	molitvų / молитвѫ	modlitwę	molitvų	молитву	молитву
Which (rel.)	ǫž / ѫж	jąż	ǫž	юже	ѫже
World	světě / свѣтѣ	świecie	světě	свете	святѣ
Pious	zbožny / збожны	zbożny	zbožny	благочестивый	благочестивъ
Life	životě / животѣ	żywocie	životě	жизни	животѣ
Abode	prěbytie / пребытїе	przebyt	prěbytie	пребывание	пребытиѥ
Paradise	rajьsko / райьско	rajski	rajьsko	райский	райскъ

Kyrie eleison

The refrain Kyrie eleison is Greek: Κύριε ἐλέησον. It means “Lord, have mercy.” It entered the earliest Slavic liturgy directly from Byzantine Christianity, before full translation into local tongues. In later Slavic usage it was often replaced with the calque Gospodi pomiluj (Interslavic), Господи помилуй (Russian, OCS), or Gospodi smiluj se (South Slavic). However, in medieval Poland the Greek form was preserved in Bogurodzica, which is why we still sing it that way today. This mixture of Greek and Slavic shows how Christianity arrived to the Slavs through Constantinople and Moravia, blending new sacred words with native speech.

Polish_Bible

Polish_Bible

Otec

Otec

Sound ń vs nь

Introduction

English:
The difference between nь and ń is simple. nь is the Old Church Slavonic / Proto-Slavic notation: an n softened by a very short front vowel (the jer ь). ń is the modern palatal nasal [ɲ] that developed after the jer disappeared. In Interslavic we write ń in Latin when we want the living sound, and нь in Cyrillic. When we cite older forms, we show nь (OCS). Example: OCS konь → Interslavic koń / конь.

Slavic (ABČŽ):
Razlika meždu nь i ń jest prostá. nь jest staroslovjansko/praslovjansko pisanje: n s kråtkim prednim glasnikom (jer ь). ń jest novy palatalny nazal [ɲ], ktory se razvilo posle izčeznųtja jera. V Interslavjanskom pišemo ń v latini, a нь v kirilici; pri citovanju staroj formy pokazujemo nь (OCS). Primer: OCS konь → Interslavjansko koń / конь.

Slavic (Cyrillic):
Разлика междy нь и ń проста. ньн съ кратким предним гласником (ѥр ь). ń єсть новы палаталны назал [ɲ], кторы развилсе послѣ исчезнанја ѥра. В Интерславянском пишемъ ń въ латини, а нь въ кирилици; при цитовани старои формы показуемъ нь (OCS). Пример: OCS конь → Интерславянско коń / конь.

Extended Word Evolution Examples

English 🇬🇧🇺🇸	Interslavic Latin / Cyrillic	Polski 🇵🇱	Русский 🇷🇺	Українська 🇺🇦	BCMS 🇷🇸🇭🇷🇧🇦🇲🇪	O.C.S. ☦️
horse	koń / конь	koń	конь	кінь	konj	konь
day	dń / днь	dzień	день	день	dan	dьnь
shadow	těń / тєнь	cień	тень	тінь	tijen	těnь
root	korěń / корєнь	korzeń	корень	корінь	korijen	korěnь
stone	kamień / камєнь	kamień	камень	камінь	kamen	kamenь
autumn	osěń / осєнь	jesień	осень	осінь	jesen	osěnь
memory	pamęť / памєть	pamięć	память	пам’ять	pamćenje	pamętь
blue	siń / синь	sinie	синий	синій	sinj	sinь
Lord’s (adj.)	gospodńi / господньи	pański	господний	господній	gospodnji	gospodьnь
Sunday	nedělja / недєља	niedziela	неделя	неділя	nedjelja	nedělьnь dьnь
inhabitant	žitelj / житељ	mieszkaniec	житель	житель	žitelj	žitelь
strength	silńi / сильни	silny	сильный	сильний	silni	silьnь
length	dĺgost / длъгост	długość	длина	довжина	dužina	dъlgьnь
earthly	zemńi / земньи	ziemski	земной	земний	zemaljski	zemьnь
internal	vnųtrńi / внутрьни	wewnętrzny	внутренний	внутрішній	unutarnji	vъnųtrьnь

Conclusion

English:
So whenever you see nь, think of Old Church Slavonic and Proto-Slavic roots; when you see ń (or нь in Cyrillic), think of Interslavic and modern Slavic speech. One shows where the word came from, the other shows how it is used today.

Slavic (ABČŽ):
Kogda ty vidiš nь, dumaj o staroslovjanskyh i praslovjanskyh korenjah; kogda vidiš ń (abo нь v kirilici), dumaj o interslavjanskom i sovremennom govorenju. Jedno pokazuje odkud slovo prišlo, drugo pokazuje kako ono žive dnes.

Slavic (Cyrillic):
Когда ты видишъ нь, думай о старословѣнскихъ и прасловѣнскихъ кореняхъ; когда видишъ ń (или нь въ кирилици), думай о интерславянскомъ и современномъ говоренїи. Єдно показує откуду слово пришло, друго показує како оно живетъ днесь.

Sound ń vs nь

Introduction

English:
The difference between nь and ń is simple. nь is the Old Church Slavonic / Proto-Slavic notation: an n softened by a very short front vowel (the jer ь). ń is the modern palatal nasal [ɲ] that developed after the jer disappeared. In Interslavic we write ń in Latin when we want the living sound, and нь in Cyrillic. When we cite older forms, we show nь (OCS). Example: OCS konь → Interslavic koń / конь.

Slavic (ABČŽ):
Razlika meždu nь i ń jest prostá. nь jest staroslovjansko/praslovjansko pisanje: n s kråtkim prednim glasnikom (jer ь). ń jest novy palatalny nazal [ɲ], ktory se razvilo posle izčeznųtja jera. V Interslavjanskom pišemo ń v latini, a нь v kirilici; pri citovanju staroj formy pokazujemo nь (OCS). Primer: OCS konь → Interslavjansko koń / конь.

Slavic (Cyrillic):
Разлика междy нь и ń проста. ньн съ кратким предним гласником (ѥр ь). ń єсть новы палаталны назал [ɲ], кторы развилсе послѣ исчезнанја ѥра. В Интерславянском пишемъ ń въ латини, а нь въ кирилици; при цитовани старои формы показуемъ нь (OCS). Пример: OCS конь → Интерславянско коń / конь.

Extended Word Evolution Examples

English 🇬🇧🇺🇸	Interslavic Latin / Cyrillic	Polski 🇵🇱	Русский 🇷🇺	Українська 🇺🇦	BCMS 🇷🇸🇭🇷🇧🇦🇲🇪	O.C.S. ☦️
horse	koń / конь	koń	конь	кінь	konj	konь
day	dń / днь	dzień	день	день	dan	dьnь
shadow	těń / тєнь	cień	тень	тінь	tijen	těnь
root	korěń / корєнь	korzeń	корень	корінь	korijen	korěnь
stone	kamień / камєнь	kamień	камень	камінь	kamen	kamenь
autumn	osěń / осєнь	jesień	осень	осінь	jesen	osěnь
memory	pamęť / памєть	pamięć	память	пам’ять	pamćenje	pamętь
blue	siń / синь	sinie	синий	синій	sinj	sinь
Lord’s (adj.)	gospodńi / господньи	pański	господний	господній	gospodnji	gospodьnь
Sunday	nedělja / недєља	niedziela	неделя	неділя	nedjelja	nedělьnь dьnь
inhabitant	žitelj / житељ	mieszkaniec	житель	житель	žitelj	žitelь
strength	silńi / сильни	silny	сильный	сильний	silni	silьnь
length	dĺgost / длъгост	długość	длина	довжина	dužina	dъlgьnь
earthly	zemńi / земньи	ziemski	земной	земний	zemaljski	zemьnь
internal	vnųtrńi / внутрьни	wewnętrzny	внутренний	внутрішній	unutarnji	vъnųtrьnь

Conclusion

English:
So whenever you see nь, think of Old Church Slavonic and Proto-Slavic roots; when you see ń (or нь in Cyrillic), think of Interslavic and modern Slavic speech. One shows where the word came from, the other shows how it is used today.

Slavic (ABČŽ):
Kogda ty vidiš nь, dumaj o staroslovjanskyh i praslovjanskyh korenjah; kogda vidiš ń (abo нь v kirilici), dumaj o interslavjanskom i sovremennom govorenju. Jedno pokazuje odkud slovo prišlo, drugo pokazuje kako ono žive dnes.

Slavic (Cyrillic):
Когда ты видишъ нь, думай о старословѣнскихъ и прасловѣнскихъ кореняхъ; когда видишъ ń (или нь въ кирилици), думай о интерславянскомъ и современномъ говоренїи. Єдно показує откуду слово пришло, друго показує како оно живетъ днесь.

Sound å vs ȯ

Introduction

English:
In Proto-Slavic, linguists sometimes use special symbols to mark vowels that do not exist in modern alphabets. Two of the most interesting are å and ȯ. The letter å represents the continuation of Proto-Indo-European (PIE) long ā, which in Slavic shifted slightly toward an o-like sound. It was a strong and long vowel, preserved in words like dåmъ (home, house), båti sę (to be afraid), or mati (mother). In contrast, the letter ȯ represents the Proto-Slavic back yer (ъ), a very short and weak vowel somewhere between o and a. It appears in words like sȯlnьce (sun) and dȯbrъ (good). Over time, ȯ often disappeared or changed differently in each Slavic language, while å gave stable, strong vowels. Understanding these sounds is central to reconstructing the history of Slavic speech.

Slavic (Latin):
V protoslavjanskom jezyku lingvisty nekogda ispol’zujut osobne znaky dlja glasov, ktoryh net v sovremennych azbukah. Dva iz najinteresnějših sut å i ȯ. Bukva å pokazuje prodolženje indojevropejskogo dlinnogo ā, ktore v slavjanskom jezyku preměstilo se bliže k zvuku o. To byl silny i dolg glas, zachovany v slovah kak dåmъ (dom), båti se (bojati se), ili mati (mati). V protivnosti, bukva ȯ označava protoslavjansky zadny jer (ъ), mnogo kratok i slab glas meždu o i a. On jest v slovah kak sȯlnьce (sunce) i dȯbrъ (dobry). S časom ȯ čęsto isčezl ili izměnil se različno v každym slavjanskom jezyku, dokåle å ostal silny i jasny. Razuměnje tych glasov jest ključno dlja rekonstrukcije istorije slavjanske govorby.

Slavic (Cyrillic):
Въ протославјанскомъ језыку лингвисты некогда исполꙗјутъ особнѣ знакы для гласовъ, кторыхъ нѣтъ въ современнихъ азбукахъ. Два изъ наjинтереснѣјшихъ суть å и ȯ. Буква å показује продолженїе индоевропеjскаго длѣннаго ā, кторое въ словианскомъ језыку премѣстило се ближе къ звуку о. То былъ сильны и долгъ гласъ, сохранены въ словахъ ꙗко dåmъ (домъ), båti se (боꙗти се), или mati (мати). Въ противности, буква ȯ означава протославјанскы задны єръ (ъ), много кратъкъ и слабъ гласъ междоу о и а. Онъ ѥсть въ словахъ ꙗко sȯlnьce (солнце) и dȯbrъ (добры). Съ часомъ ȯ често исчезлъ или измѣнилъ се различно въ каждомъ словианскомъ језыку, доколь å осталъ сильны и ꙗсны. Разумѣнїе тыхъ гласовъ ѥсть ключно для реконструкцїи исторїи словианскы говорьбы.

Comparison Table of Key Words with å and ȯ

English 🇬🇧🇺🇸	Interslavic Latin / Cyrillic	Polski 🇵🇱	Русский 🇷🇺	Українська 🇺🇦	BCMS 🇷🇸🇭🇷	O.C.S. ☦️
house	dåmъ / домъ	dom	дом	дім	dom	домъ
to be afraid	båti se / боꙗти се	bać się	бояться	боятися	bojati se	боꙗти
mother	mati / мати	matka	мать	мати	majka	мати
god	bogъ / богъ	Bóg	Бог	Бог	Bog	богъ
lord, master	gospodi / господи	gospod	господь	господь	gospodin	господь
good	dȯbrъ / добръ	dobry	добрый	добрий	dobar	добръ
sun	sȯlnьce / слънце	słońce	солнце	сонце	sunce	слънце
full	pȯlnъ / пълнъ	pełny	полный	повний	pun	пълнъ
black	čȯrnъ / чрьнъ	czarny	чёрный	чорний	crn	чрьнъ
short	krȯtkъ / кратъкъ	krótki	краткий	короткий	kratak	кратъкъ
thick	tȯlstъ / толстъ	tłusty	толстый	товстий	tust	толстъ
son	synъ (no å/ȯ here, compare) / сынъ	syn	сын	син	sin	сынъ
dream	sȯnъ / сънъ	sen	сон	сон	san	сънъ
heavy	tȯžьkъ / тѫжъкъ	ciężki	тяжёлый	тяжкий	težak	тѫжъкъ
to carry	nȯsiti / носити	nosić	носить	носити	nositi	носити

Sound å vs ȯ

Introduction

English:
In Proto-Slavic, linguists sometimes use special symbols to mark vowels that do not exist in modern alphabets. Two of the most interesting are å and ȯ. The letter å represents the continuation of Proto-Indo-European (PIE) long ā, which in Slavic shifted slightly toward an o-like sound. It was a strong and long vowel, preserved in words like dåmъ (home, house), båti sę (to be afraid), or mati (mother). In contrast, the letter ȯ represents the Proto-Slavic back yer (ъ), a very short and weak vowel somewhere between o and a. It appears in words like sȯlnьce (sun) and dȯbrъ (good). Over time, ȯ often disappeared or changed differently in each Slavic language, while å gave stable, strong vowels. Understanding these sounds is central to reconstructing the history of Slavic speech.

Slavic (Latin):
V protoslavjanskom jezyku lingvisty nekogda ispol’zujut osobne znaky dlja glasov, ktoryh net v sovremennych azbukah. Dva iz najinteresnějših sut å i ȯ. Bukva å pokazuje prodolženje indojevropejskogo dlinnogo ā, ktore v slavjanskom jezyku preměstilo se bliže k zvuku o. To byl silny i dolg glas, zachovany v slovah kak dåmъ (dom), båti se (bojati se), ili mati (mati). V protivnosti, bukva ȯ označava protoslavjansky zadny jer (ъ), mnogo kratok i slab glas meždu o i a. On jest v slovah kak sȯlnьce (sunce) i dȯbrъ (dobry). S časom ȯ čęsto isčezl ili izměnil se različno v každym slavjanskom jezyku, dokåle å ostal silny i jasny. Razuměnje tych glasov jest ključno dlja rekonstrukcije istorije slavjanske govorby.

Slavic (Cyrillic):
Въ протославјанскомъ језыку лингвисты некогда исполꙗјутъ особнѣ знакы для гласовъ, кторыхъ нѣтъ въ современнихъ азбукахъ. Два изъ наjинтереснѣјшихъ суть å и ȯ. Буква å показује продолженїе индоевропеjскаго длѣннаго ā, кторое въ словианскомъ језыку премѣстило се ближе къ звуку о. То былъ сильны и долгъ гласъ, сохранены въ словахъ ꙗко dåmъ (домъ), båti se (боꙗти се), или mati (мати). Въ противности, буква ȯ означава протославјанскы задны єръ (ъ), много кратъкъ и слабъ гласъ междоу о и а. Онъ ѥсть въ словахъ ꙗко sȯlnьce (солнце) и dȯbrъ (добры). Съ часомъ ȯ често исчезлъ или измѣнилъ се различно въ каждомъ словианскомъ језыку, доколь å осталъ сильны и ꙗсны. Разумѣнїе тыхъ гласовъ ѥсть ключно для реконструкцїи исторїи словианскы говорьбы.

Comparison Table of Key Words with å and ȯ

English 🇬🇧🇺🇸	Interslavic Latin / Cyrillic	Polski 🇵🇱	Русский 🇷🇺	Українська 🇺🇦	BCMS 🇷🇸🇭🇷	O.C.S. ☦️
house	dåmъ / домъ	dom	дом	дім	dom	домъ
to be afraid	båti se / боꙗти се	bać się	бояться	боятися	bojati se	боꙗти
mother	mati / мати	matka	мать	мати	majka	мати
god	bogъ / богъ	Bóg	Бог	Бог	Bog	богъ
lord, master	gospodi / господи	gospod	господь	господь	gospodin	господь
good	dȯbrъ / добръ	dobry	добрый	добрий	dobar	добръ
sun	sȯlnьce / слънце	słońce	солнце	сонце	sunce	слънце
full	pȯlnъ / пълнъ	pełny	полный	повний	pun	пълнъ
black	čȯrnъ / чрьнъ	czarny	чёрный	чорний	crn	чрьнъ
short	krȯtkъ / кратъкъ	krótki	краткий	короткий	kratak	кратъкъ
thick	tȯlstъ / толстъ	tłusty	толстый	товстий	tust	толстъ
son	synъ (no å/ȯ here, compare) / сынъ	syn	сын	син	sin	сынъ
dream	sȯnъ / сънъ	sen	сон	сон	san	сънъ
heavy	tȯžьkъ / тѫжъкъ	ciężki	тяжёлый	тяжкий	težak	тѫжъкъ
to carry	nȯsiti / носити	nosić	носить	носити	nositi	носити

Freising Fragments (Slovene: Brižinski spomeniki)

Introduction

English:
The Freising Fragments (Slovene: Brižinski spomeniki) are the oldest continuous Slavic texts written in the Latin alphabet, dated to approximately 972–1039. Found in Freising, Bavaria, they are inscribed in a Carantanian dialect of Old Slavic, very close to early Slovene. These manuscripts consist of three short church texts—two confessional prayers and one homily—preserved in a Latin codex, likely used in ecclesiastical instruction in the Eastern Alps. Linguistically, they preserve archaic features such as nasal vowels and ancient grammatical forms, making them invaluable to Slavic philology and cultural heritage.

Slavic (Latin):
Frejzingske fragmenty (Brižinski spomeniki) sut najstarějši nepretrvany slovianski teksty v latinskom pismu, datovany do okolo 972–1039. Oni byli najdeny v Frejzingu, v Bavarii, i jezyk jest karantansky dialekt staroslovjanskogo, blizky ranej slovenski. Teksty sostoje iz trěh cerkovnych form: dva ispovědnich formulě i edna homilija, zachovany v latinskom kodeksu, verojatno ispol’zovany v cerkovnom učenju v Vostočnyh Alpah. Lingvisto, oni hranjat archaicne osobiny takų kak nosovye glasy i stari gramatični formy, i sut neocěnimo cěnni za slavjansku filologiju i kulturno dědičstvo.

Slavic (Cyrillic):
Фрейзингске фрагменты (Брижински споменики) суть најстарѣјши непретрваны словиански тексты в латинскому писму, датованы околo 972–1039. Они были найдены въ Фрейзингу, въ Баварии, и єзык єсть карантаньскы диалект старословианского, близкы ранеј словенске. Тексты состояли из трѣх церковныхъ формул: два исповѣдны формулы и єдна хомилїя, сохранены въ латинскомъ кодексе, вероятно использованы въ церковномъ научанїи въ Восточнихъ Альпахъ. За лингвистовъ они хранятъ архаичны черты, тако же носовыє гласы и старѣ граматичны формы, дѣлају ихъ неоценимо цѣнными за славианску филологију и културно дѣдићство.

First Fragment (Homily on Sin and Repentance)

English:
Brothers, as long as we live in this world, we must think of our sins and repent, so that God may forgive us. For we are weak and sinful, but God is merciful and just, and he forgives those who confess their sins with a sincere heart.

Slavic (ABČŽ):
Bratja, dokolěko živemo na sem světu, dolži sme mysleti o naših grěhih i pokajati se, da bi Bog odpustil nam. Ibo sme slabi i grěšni, no Bog jest milostivy i pravedny, i on odpustja tym, ktori ispovědaju grěhi svoji s čistym srdcem.

Slavic (Cyrillic):
Братја, доколѣко живемо на семь свѣту, должи смо мыслити о нашихъ грѣсѣхъ и покаяти се, да би Богъ отпустилъ намъ. Ибо смо слаби и грѣшни, но Богъ ѥсть милостивы и праведны, и онъ отпустја тымъ, кторі исповѣдајутъ грѣхи своjи съ чистымъ сердцемъ.

Second Fragment (Confessional Prayer)

English:
I come today before you, merciful Lord, and confess that all my deeds are sinful, my thoughts are sinful, my words are sinful, my deeds are sinful, and all my sins. And I beg you, Lord, forgive me, just as a brother forgives his brother, so you forgive me. Thus I beg you, Lord, and all the saints, that you may be merciful to me forever and ever. Amen.

Slavic (ABČŽ):
Pridȯm dnes pred tebe, milostivy Gospodi, i izpovědam se, že sut mi vse děla grěšna, i mysli grěšne, i slova grěšna, i děla grěšna, i vse grěhi moje. I molim te, Gospodi, odpusti mi, kako odpuščaje brat bratu, i ty odpusti mene. Tako te molim, Gospodi, i vsim svetym, da budeš mi milostiv na věky věkov. Amen.

Slavic (Cyrillic):
Придȯм днес пред тебе, милостивы Господи, и исповѣдам се, же сѫт ми всѣ дѣла грѣшна, и мысли грѣшне, и слова грѣшна, и дѣла грѣшна, и всѣ грѣхи моје. И молим те, Господи, отпусти ми, како отпущає брат брату, и ты отпусти мене. Тако те молим, Господи, и всѣм свѧтым, да будеши ми милостивъ на вѣкы вѣковъ. Аминь.

Third Fragment (Short Confession)

English:
Lord, I confess before you my many sins, those known and unknown, those in thought, in word, and in deed. Forgive me, merciful Lord, and grant me your grace, that I may live rightly from now on.

Slavic (ABČŽ):
Gospodi, ispovědam pred toboju mnoge grěhi moje, znane i neznane, v mysli, v slovu i v dělu. Odpusti mi, milostivy Gospodi, i daj mi blagodat tvoju, da byh žil pravě ot sej chvíli.

Slavic (Cyrillic):
Господи, исповѣдам пред тобоју многе грѣхи моје, знанѣ и незнанѣ, въ мысли, въ слову и въ дѣлу. Отпусти ми, милостивы Господи, и даj ми благодатъ твоју, да бихъ жилъ правѣ отъ сей хвили.

Comparison Table of Key Words

English 🇬🇧🇺🇸	Interslavic	Русский 🇷🇺	Polski 🇵🇱	Українська 🇺🇦	Srpskohrvatski 🇷🇸🇭🇷🇧🇦🇲🇪	O.C.S. ☦️
Lord	Gospodi / Господи	Господи	Panie	Господи	Gospode	Господи
sin	grěh / грѣх	грех	grzech	гріх	grijeh	грѣхъ
confess	izpovědati / исповѣдати	исповедовать	spowiadać	сповідати	ispovijedati	исповѣдати
forgive	odpustiti / отпустити	простить	odpuścić	простити	oprostiti	отпустити
pray	moliti / молити	молиться	modlić się	молитися	moliti se	молити

Freising Fragments (Slovene: Brižinski spomeniki)

Introduction

English:
The Freising Fragments (Slovene: Brižinski spomeniki) are the oldest continuous Slavic texts written in the Latin alphabet, dated to approximately 972–1039. Found in Freising, Bavaria, they are inscribed in a Carantanian dialect of Old Slavic, very close to early Slovene. These manuscripts consist of three short church texts—two confessional prayers and one homily—preserved in a Latin codex, likely used in ecclesiastical instruction in the Eastern Alps. Linguistically, they preserve archaic features such as nasal vowels and ancient grammatical forms, making them invaluable to Slavic philology and cultural heritage.

Slavic (Latin):
Frejzingske fragmenty (Brižinski spomeniki) sut najstarějši nepretrvany slovianski teksty v latinskom pismu, datovany do okolo 972–1039. Oni byli najdeny v Frejzingu, v Bavarii, i jezyk jest karantansky dialekt staroslovjanskogo, blizky ranej slovenski. Teksty sostoje iz trěh cerkovnych form: dva ispovědnich formulě i edna homilija, zachovany v latinskom kodeksu, verojatno ispol’zovany v cerkovnom učenju v Vostočnyh Alpah. Lingvisto, oni hranjat archaicne osobiny takų kak nosovye glasy i stari gramatični formy, i sut neocěnimo cěnni za slavjansku filologiju i kulturno dědičstvo.

Slavic (Cyrillic):
Фрейзингске фрагменты (Брижински споменики) суть најстарѣјши непретрваны словиански тексты в латинскому писму, датованы околo 972–1039. Они были найдены въ Фрейзингу, въ Баварии, и єзык єсть карантаньскы диалект старословианского, близкы ранеј словенске. Тексты состояли из трѣх церковныхъ формул: два исповѣдны формулы и єдна хомилїя, сохранены въ латинскомъ кодексе, вероятно использованы въ церковномъ научанїи въ Восточнихъ Альпахъ. За лингвистовъ они хранятъ архаичны черты, тако же носовыє гласы и старѣ граматичны формы, дѣлају ихъ неоценимо цѣнными за славианску филологију и културно дѣдићство.

First Fragment (Homily on Sin and Repentance)

English:
Brothers, as long as we live in this world, we must think of our sins and repent, so that God may forgive us. For we are weak and sinful, but God is merciful and just, and he forgives those who confess their sins with a sincere heart.

Slavic (ABČŽ):
Bratja, dokolěko živemo na sem světu, dolži sme mysleti o naših grěhih i pokajati se, da bi Bog odpustil nam. Ibo sme slabi i grěšni, no Bog jest milostivy i pravedny, i on odpustja tym, ktori ispovědaju grěhi svoji s čistym srdcem.

Slavic (Cyrillic):
Братја, доколѣко живемо на семь свѣту, должи смо мыслити о нашихъ грѣсѣхъ и покаяти се, да би Богъ отпустилъ намъ. Ибо смо слаби и грѣшни, но Богъ ѥсть милостивы и праведны, и онъ отпустја тымъ, кторі исповѣдајутъ грѣхи своjи съ чистымъ сердцемъ.

Second Fragment (Confessional Prayer)

English:
I come today before you, merciful Lord, and confess that all my deeds are sinful, my thoughts are sinful, my words are sinful, my deeds are sinful, and all my sins. And I beg you, Lord, forgive me, just as a brother forgives his brother, so you forgive me. Thus I beg you, Lord, and all the saints, that you may be merciful to me forever and ever. Amen.

Slavic (ABČŽ):
Pridȯm dnes pred tebe, milostivy Gospodi, i izpovědam se, že sut mi vse děla grěšna, i mysli grěšne, i slova grěšna, i děla grěšna, i vse grěhi moje. I molim te, Gospodi, odpusti mi, kako odpuščaje brat bratu, i ty odpusti mene. Tako te molim, Gospodi, i vsim svetym, da budeš mi milostiv na věky věkov. Amen.

Slavic (Cyrillic):
Придȯм днес пред тебе, милостивы Господи, и исповѣдам се, же сѫт ми всѣ дѣла грѣшна, и мысли грѣшне, и слова грѣшна, и дѣла грѣшна, и всѣ грѣхи моје. И молим те, Господи, отпусти ми, како отпущає брат брату, и ты отпусти мене. Тако те молим, Господи, и всѣм свѧтым, да будеши ми милостивъ на вѣкы вѣковъ. Аминь.

Third Fragment (Short Confession)

English:
Lord, I confess before you my many sins, those known and unknown, those in thought, in word, and in deed. Forgive me, merciful Lord, and grant me your grace, that I may live rightly from now on.

Slavic (ABČŽ):
Gospodi, ispovědam pred toboju mnoge grěhi moje, znane i neznane, v mysli, v slovu i v dělu. Odpusti mi, milostivy Gospodi, i daj mi blagodat tvoju, da byh žil pravě ot sej chvíli.

Slavic (Cyrillic):
Господи, исповѣдам пред тобоју многе грѣхи моје, знанѣ и незнанѣ, въ мысли, въ слову и въ дѣлу. Отпусти ми, милостивы Господи, и даj ми благодатъ твоју, да бихъ жилъ правѣ отъ сей хвили.

Comparison Table of Key Words

English 🇬🇧🇺🇸	Interslavic	Русский 🇷🇺	Polski 🇵🇱	Українська 🇺🇦	Srpskohrvatski 🇷🇸🇭🇷🇧🇦🇲🇪	O.C.S. ☦️
Lord	Gospodi / Господи	Господи	Panie	Господи	Gospode	Господи
sin	grěh / грѣх	грех	grzech	гріх	grijeh	грѣхъ
confess	izpovědati / исповѣдати	исповедовать	spowiadać	сповідати	ispovijedati	исповѣдати
forgive	odpustiti / отпустити	простить	odpuścić	простити	oprostiti	отпустити
pray	moliti / молити	молиться	modlić się	молитися	moliti se	молити

Sound e vs ě

English:
The difference between e and ě is central in Slavic history. Both existed in Proto-Slavic, but while e stayed stable, ě (yat, Ѣ in Old Church Slavonic ☦️) split into different sounds in later languages.

Slavic (Latin):
Razlika meždu e i ě jest centralna v istoriji slovjanskih jezykov. Oba zvuky suť byli v prajslovjanskom, no kogda e ostalo stabilno, ě (jat, Ѣ v Staroslovjanskom ☦️) razdělilo se na različne zvuky v pozdnijih jezykah.

Slavic (Cyrillic):
Разлика меҍду e и ě єстъ центральна въ историји словјанскихъ језыковъ. Оба звꙋкы сꙋтъ были въ прајсловјанскомъ, но когда e остало стабилно, ě (ꙗть, Ѣ въ Старословјанскомъ ☦️) раздѣлило се на различне звꙋкы въ позднїјихъ језыкахъ.

Slavic (Latin):
les (forest) vs. lěto (summer, year)

Slavic (Cyrillic):
лес vs. лѣто

Examples:
Polish 🇵🇱 “biały” vs. Russian 🇷🇺 “belyj” vs. Ukrainian 🇺🇦 “bilyj” vs. Serbian 🇷🇸 “bijel” all come from the same Proto-Slavic root *bělu* (white).

English 🇬🇧	Interslavic (latin / cyrillic)	Polski 🇵🇱	Русский 🇷🇺	Українська 🇺🇦	BCMS 🇷🇸🇭🇷🇧🇦🇲🇪	OCS ☦️
forest	les / лес	las	лес (les)	ліс (lis)	les	лѣсъ (lěsŭ)
summer / year	lěto / лѣто	lato	лето (leto)	літо (lito)	ljeto	лѣто (lěto)
snow	sněg / снѣг	śnieg	снег (sneg)	сніг (snih)	snijeg	снѣгъ (sněgŭ)
white	běly / бѣлы	biały	белый (belyj)	білий (bilyj)	bijel	бѣлъ (bělu)
flower	cvět / цвѣт	kwiat	цвет (cvet)	цвіт (cvit)	cvijet	цвѣтъ (cvětŭ)
milk	mlěko / млѣко	mleko	молоко (moloko)	молоко (moloko)	mlijeko	млѣко (mlěko)
faith	věra / вѣра	wiara	вера (vera)	віра (vira)	vjera	вѣра (věra)
speech	rěč / рѣчь	rzecz	речь (reč’)	річ (rič)	riječ	рѣчь (rěčĭ)
city / town	město / мѣсто	miasto	место (mesto)	місто (misto)	mjesto	мѣсто (město)
village	sělo / сѣло	sioło	село (selo)	село (selo)	selo	сѣло (sělo)
heal	lěčiti / лѣчити	leczyć	лечить (lečit’)	лічити (ličyty)	liječiti	лѣчити (lěčiti)
world / light	svět / свѣт	świat	свет (svet)	світ (svit)	svijet	свѣтъ (světŭ)
day	den / день	dzień	день (den’)	день (den’)	dan	дьнь (dьnĭ)
shore	bereg / берег	brzeg	берег (bereg)	берег (bereh)	obala / brijeg	берегъ (beregŭ)
tribe	pleme / племя	plemię	племя (plemja)	плем’я (plemja)	pleme	племѧ (plemę)

Sound e vs ě

English:
The difference between e and ě is central in Slavic history. Both existed in Proto-Slavic, but while e stayed stable, ě (yat, Ѣ in Old Church Slavonic ☦️) split into different sounds in later languages.

Slavic (Latin):
Razlika meždu e i ě jest centralna v istoriji slovjanskih jezykov. Oba zvuky suť byli v prajslovjanskom, no kogda e ostalo stabilno, ě (jat, Ѣ v Staroslovjanskom ☦️) razdělilo se na različne zvuky v pozdnijih jezykah.

Slavic (Cyrillic):
Разлика меҍду e и ě єстъ центральна въ историји словјанскихъ језыковъ. Оба звꙋкы сꙋтъ были въ прајсловјанскомъ, но когда e остало стабилно, ě (ꙗть, Ѣ въ Старословјанскомъ ☦️) раздѣлило се на различне звꙋкы въ позднїјихъ језыкахъ.

Slavic (Latin):
les (forest) vs. lěto (summer, year)

Slavic (Cyrillic):
лес vs. лѣто

Examples:
Polish 🇵🇱 “biały” vs. Russian 🇷🇺 “belyj” vs. Ukrainian 🇺🇦 “bilyj” vs. Serbian 🇷🇸 “bijel” all come from the same Proto-Slavic root *bělu* (white).

English 🇬🇧	Interslavic (latin / cyrillic)	Polski 🇵🇱	Русский 🇷🇺	Українська 🇺🇦	BCMS 🇷🇸🇭🇷🇧🇦🇲🇪	OCS ☦️
forest	les / лес	las	лес (les)	ліс (lis)	les	лѣсъ (lěsŭ)
summer / year	lěto / лѣто	lato	лето (leto)	літо (lito)	ljeto	лѣто (lěto)
snow	sněg / снѣг	śnieg	снег (sneg)	сніг (snih)	snijeg	снѣгъ (sněgŭ)
white	běly / бѣлы	biały	белый (belyj)	білий (bilyj)	bijel	бѣлъ (bělu)
flower	cvět / цвѣт	kwiat	цвет (cvet)	цвіт (cvit)	cvijet	цвѣтъ (cvětŭ)
milk	mlěko / млѣко	mleko	молоко (moloko)	молоко (moloko)	mlijeko	млѣко (mlěko)
faith	věra / вѣра	wiara	вера (vera)	віра (vira)	vjera	вѣра (věra)
speech	rěč / рѣчь	rzecz	речь (reč’)	річ (rič)	riječ	рѣчь (rěčĭ)
city / town	město / мѣсто	miasto	место (mesto)	місто (misto)	mjesto	мѣсто (město)
village	sělo / сѣло	sioło	село (selo)	село (selo)	selo	сѣло (sělo)
heal	lěčiti / лѣчити	leczyć	лечить (lečit’)	лічити (ličyty)	liječiti	лѣчити (lěčiti)
world / light	svět / свѣт	świat	свет (svet)	світ (svit)	svijet	свѣтъ (světŭ)
day	den / день	dzień	день (den’)	день (den’)	dan	дьнь (dьnĭ)
shore	bereg / берег	brzeg	берег (bereg)	берег (bereh)	obala / brijeg	берегъ (beregŭ)
tribe	pleme / племя	plemię	племя (plemja)	плем’я (plemja)	pleme	племѧ (plemę)

Sound ȯ

Interslavic:
Glas ȯ jest osobny zvuk v jezyku. On stoit meždu o i a, često slišimy v srědnem ili slabyjem slogu. On priblizuje se do poljskogo o v slabom udarenju (np. woda, dobro).  

Cyrillic:
Глас ȯ єст особны звук в єзыку. Он стоїт между о и а, често слышимы в среднєм или слабєјем слогу. Он приближується до польского о в слабом ударенію (напр. вода, добро).  

English:
The sound ȯ is a special vowel in Interslavic. It lies between o and a, often in weak or unstressed positions. It resembles the Polish reduced o in words like woda or dobro.
In Russian, it is pronounced "a".

Interslavic (Latin)	Cyrillic	English	Polski (pronunciation)
sȯlnce	сȯлнце	sun	słońce
dȯbro	дȯбро	good	dobro
vȯda	вȯда	water	woda
gȯrě	гȯрє	up, above, uphill	górnie
zvȯnok	звȯнок	bell	dzwonek
pȯlě	пȯлє	field	pole
kȯrenj	кȯрень	root	korzeń
mȯlvo	мȯлво	speech / murmur	mowa
zlȯto	злȯто	gold	złoto
kȯlo	кȯло	wheel / circle	koło
dȯlina	дȯлина	valley	dolina
mȯrje	мȯрє	sea	morze
tȯplo	тȯпло	warm	ciepło
jȯgoda	йȯгода	berry	jagoda
pȯzdno	пȯздно	late	późno
mȯliti	мȯлити	to pray	modlić się
rȯditi	рȯдити	to give birth	rodzić
pȯčetȯk	пȯчєтȯк	beginning	początek
kȯza	кȯза	goat	koza
zȯra	зȯра	dawn	zorza
lȯd	лȯд	ice	lód
trȯh	тȯрх	bit / small amount	trochę
svȯt	свȯт	world	świat

Sound ȯ

Interslavic:
Glas ȯ jest osobny zvuk v jezyku. On stoit meždu o i a, često slišimy v srědnem ili slabyjem slogu. On priblizuje se do poljskogo o v slabom udarenju (np. woda, dobro).  

Cyrillic:
Глас ȯ єст особны звук в єзыку. Он стоїт между о и а, често слышимы в среднєм или слабєјем слогу. Он приближується до польского о в слабом ударенію (напр. вода, добро).  

English:
The sound ȯ is a special vowel in Interslavic. It lies between o and a, often in weak or unstressed positions. It resembles the Polish reduced o in words like woda or dobro.
In Russian, it is pronounced "a".

Interslavic (Latin)	Cyrillic	English	Polski (pronunciation)
sȯlnce	сȯлнце	sun	słońce
dȯbro	дȯбро	good	dobro
vȯda	вȯда	water	woda
gȯrě	гȯрє	up, above, uphill	górnie
zvȯnok	звȯнок	bell	dzwonek
pȯlě	пȯлє	field	pole
kȯrenj	кȯрень	root	korzeń
mȯlvo	мȯлво	speech / murmur	mowa
zlȯto	злȯто	gold	złoto
kȯlo	кȯло	wheel / circle	koło
dȯlina	дȯлина	valley	dolina
mȯrje	мȯрє	sea	morze
tȯplo	тȯпло	warm	ciepło
jȯgoda	йȯгода	berry	jagoda
pȯzdno	пȯздно	late	późno
mȯliti	мȯлити	to pray	modlić się
rȯditi	рȯдити	to give birth	rodzić
pȯčetȯk	пȯчєтȯк	beginning	początek
kȯza	кȯза	goat	koza
zȯra	зȯра	dawn	zorza
lȯd	лȯд	ice	lód
trȯh	тȯрх	bit / small amount	trochę
svȯt	свȯт	world	świat

Verb ending -iti

In Interslavic, you read verb ending -iti like in South Slavic or Czech/Slovak, always with the full i = “ee”. It does not reduce like soft sign Russian -ть or Polish /ʨ/ -ć.

Interslavic (Latin)	Cyrillic	English
nositi	носити	to carry, wear
viditi	видити	to see
slusiti	слушити	to listen
prositi	просити	to ask, beg
moliti	молити	to pray, beg
hoditi	ходити	to walk, go
ležiti	лежити	to lie (down)
ležati → ležiti	лежати → лежити	to lie (archaic → modern IS)
čuviti	чувити	to hear
govoriti	говорити	to speak
robiti	робити	to work, do
nositi	носити	to carry
nositi se	носити се	to behave
živiti	живити	to live
umreti → umiriti	умрети → умирити	to die → to calm
platiti	платити	to pay
žertviti	жертвити	to sacrifice
razumiti	разумити	to understand
učiti	учити	to learn, to teach
držiti	држити	to hold
kaziti	казити	to spoil, corrupt
kupiti	купити	to buy
platiti	платити	to pay
nositi	носити	to carry, wear
dariti	дарити	to give (as gift)
nositi se	носити се	to comport oneself
počiniti	починити	to commit, begin
čitati → čitati/čistiti	читати → читати/чистити	to read → to clean
mysliti	мыслити	to think
žiti	жити	to live (short root)

Verb ending -iti

In Interslavic, you read verb ending -iti like in South Slavic or Czech/Slovak, always with the full i = “ee”. It does not reduce like soft sign Russian -ть or Polish /ʨ/ -ć.

Interslavic (Latin)	Cyrillic	English
nositi	носити	to carry, wear
viditi	видити	to see
slusiti	слушити	to listen
prositi	просити	to ask, beg
moliti	молити	to pray, beg
hoditi	ходити	to walk, go
ležiti	лежити	to lie (down)
ležati → ležiti	лежати → лежити	to lie (archaic → modern IS)
čuviti	чувити	to hear
govoriti	говорити	to speak
robiti	робити	to work, do
nositi	носити	to carry
nositi se	носити се	to behave
živiti	живити	to live
umreti → umiriti	умрети → умирити	to die → to calm
platiti	платити	to pay
žertviti	жертвити	to sacrifice
razumiti	разумити	to understand
učiti	учити	to learn, to teach
držiti	држити	to hold
kaziti	казити	to spoil, corrupt
kupiti	купити	to buy
platiti	платити	to pay
nositi	носити	to carry, wear
dariti	дарити	to give (as gift)
nositi se	носити се	to comport oneself
počiniti	починити	to commit, begin
čitati → čitati/čistiti	читати → читати/чистити	to read → to clean
mysliti	мыслити	to think
žiti	жити	to live (short root)

Jaro

Interslavic: 

Oj, Jaro, pojdi, pojdi, Jarilo!
Zelene žito dones, běle vino dones, svaty prinesi, mladence veselij!

Cyrillic: 

Ој, Јаро, појди, појди, Јарило!
Зелене жито донес, бѣле вино донес, сваты принес, младенце веселиј!

English: 

Oh, Jarilo, come, come, Jarilo!
Bring the green grain, bring the white wine, bring the wedding guests, gladden the young newlyweds!

Interslavic	Phonetic	English 🇬🇧🇺🇸	Русский 🇷🇺	Polski 🇵🇱	Українська 🇺🇦	Srpskohrvatski 🇷🇸🇭🇷🇧🇦🇲🇪	Slovene 🇸🇮
Oj	OY	Oh	Ой	Oj	Ой	Oj	Oj
Jaro	YAH-ro	spring / Jarilo	Ярило	Jaryło	Ярило	Jarilo	Jarilo
zelene žito	ZEH-leh-neh ZHEE-toh	green grain	зелёное жито	zielone żyto	зелене жито	zeleno žito	zeleno žito
běle vino	BYEH-leh VEE-no	white wine	белое вино	białe wino	біле вино	bijelo vino	belo vino
svaty	SVAH-tih	wedding guests	сват	swaty	свати	svati	svatje
mladence	MLAH-den-tseh	newlyweds	молодожёны	młodzeńcy	молодята	mladenci	mladoporočenca
veselij	veh-SEH-lee	gladden	весели	wesel	весели	veseli	veseli

Jaro

Interslavic: 

Oj, Jaro, pojdi, pojdi, Jarilo!
Zelene žito dones, běle vino dones, svaty prinesi, mladence veselij!

Cyrillic: 

Ој, Јаро, појди, појди, Јарило!
Зелене жито донес, бѣле вино донес, сваты принес, младенце веселиј!

English: 

Oh, Jarilo, come, come, Jarilo!
Bring the green grain, bring the white wine, bring the wedding guests, gladden the young newlyweds!

Interslavic	Phonetic	English 🇬🇧🇺🇸	Русский 🇷🇺	Polski 🇵🇱	Українська 🇺🇦	Srpskohrvatski 🇷🇸🇭🇷🇧🇦🇲🇪	Slovene 🇸🇮
Oj	OY	Oh	Ой	Oj	Ой	Oj	Oj
Jaro	YAH-ro	spring / Jarilo	Ярило	Jaryło	Ярило	Jarilo	Jarilo
zelene žito	ZEH-leh-neh ZHEE-toh	green grain	зелёное жито	zielone żyto	зелене жито	zeleno žito	zeleno žito
běle vino	BYEH-leh VEE-no	white wine	белое вино	białe wino	біле вино	bijelo vino	belo vino
svaty	SVAH-tih	wedding guests	сват	swaty	свати	svati	svatje
mladence	MLAH-den-tseh	newlyweds	молодожёны	młodzeńcy	молодята	mladenci	mladoporočenca
veselij	veh-SEH-lee	gladden	весели	wesel	весели	veseli	veseli

Alphabet

Review the official page first:

https://interslavic-dictionary.com/grammar#abeceda

The idea is to make it (Slavic) as simple as possible for people to understand.
Additionally, the idea is to avoid multi-letter sounds, such as the Polish "sz", "rz", and "cz".
Somehow, the "drz" sound is allowed in Interslavic in the form of "dž"!

Since there is no single keyboard layout that contains all the characters,
I created the following
macOS: Settings > "Text replacements"
from Polish to Interslavic.

Actually, you need only a very short list with: č, š, ž, but I created a longer list to write about proto-Slavic words as well. 

Interslavic (Latin)	Cyrillic	IPA	Polish letter(s) equivalent	Slavic	English
A a	А а	/a/	a	mati	mother
B b	Б б	/b/	b	bog	god
C c	Ц ц	/t͡s/	c	cěna	price
Č č	Ч ч	/t͡ʃ/	cz	črny	black
D d	Д д	/d/	d	dom	home
Dž dž	Џ џ	/d͡ʒ/	dż	(rare native; mostly loans)	(loan phoneme)
E e	Е е	/e/	e	med	honey
Ě ě	Є є	/jɛ/	ie / je	sěno	hay
F f	Ф ф	/f/	f	(borrowings)	(borrowings)
G g	Г г	/g/	g	gora	mountain
H h	Х х	/x/	ch/h	hvala	thanks
I i	И и	/i/	i	igra	game
J j	Ј ј	/j/	j	jedin	one, single
K k	К к	/k/	k	kamen	stone
L l	Л л	/l/	l	list	leaf
Lj lj	Љ љ	/ʎ/	li / l+j	ljudi	people
M m	М м	/m/	m	most	bridge
N n	Н н	/n/	n	noc	night
Nj nj	Њ њ	/ɲ/	ń	konj	horse
O o	О о	/o/	o	oko	eye
P p	П п	/p/	p	pes	dog
R r	Р р	/r/	r	ruka	hand
S s	С с	/s/	s	sneg	snow
Š š	Ш ш	/ʃ/	sz	širok	wide
T t	Т т	/t/	t	tma	darkness
U u	У у	/u/	u	ucho	ear
V v	В в	/v/	w	voda	water
Y y	Ы ы	/ɨ/	y	syn	son
Z z	З з	/z/	z	zima	winter
Ž ž	Ж ж	/ʒ/	ż / rz	žena	woman
Å å	(О)	/ɒ/	o/a (context)	(TorT form)	(historical)
Ę ę	Ѧ	/ʲæ/	ę	język	tongue
Ų ų	Ѫ	/u/	ą	rųka	hand
Ė ė	Ь	/ə/	e	sėrdce	heart
Ȯ ȯ	Ъ	/ə/	o	sȯlnce	sun
Ć ć	Ћ ћ	/t͡ɕ/	ć	noć	night
Đ đ	Ђ ђ	/d͡ʑ/	dź	međa	boundary
Ĺ ĺ	Ль	/ʎ/	li	ĺud	people
Ń ń	Нь	/ɲ/	ń	ńiva	field
Ŕ ŕ	Рь	/rʲ/	r+j	mŕtvy	dead
Ś ś	Сь	/ɕ/	ś	śvet	world
T́ t́	Ть	/tʲ/	ci/ć	ot́ec	father
Ź ź	Зь	/ʑ/	ź	laźiti	crawl

Alphabet

Review the official page first:

https://interslavic-dictionary.com/grammar#abeceda

The idea is to make it (Slavic) as simple as possible for people to understand.
Additionally, the idea is to avoid multi-letter sounds, such as the Polish "sz", "rz", and "cz".
Somehow, the "drz" sound is allowed in Interslavic in the form of "dž"!

Since there is no single keyboard layout that contains all the characters,
I created the following
macOS: Settings > "Text replacements"
from Polish to Interslavic.

Actually, you need only a very short list with: č, š, ž, but I created a longer list to write about proto-Slavic words as well. 

Interslavic (Latin)	Cyrillic	IPA	Polish letter(s) equivalent	Slavic	English
A a	А а	/a/	a	mati	mother
B b	Б б	/b/	b	bog	god
C c	Ц ц	/t͡s/	c	cěna	price
Č č	Ч ч	/t͡ʃ/	cz	črny	black
D d	Д д	/d/	d	dom	home
Dž dž	Џ џ	/d͡ʒ/	dż	(rare native; mostly loans)	(loan phoneme)
E e	Е е	/e/	e	med	honey
Ě ě	Є є	/jɛ/	ie / je	sěno	hay
F f	Ф ф	/f/	f	(borrowings)	(borrowings)
G g	Г г	/g/	g	gora	mountain
H h	Х х	/x/	ch/h	hvala	thanks
I i	И и	/i/	i	igra	game
J j	Ј ј	/j/	j	jedin	one, single
K k	К к	/k/	k	kamen	stone
L l	Л л	/l/	l	list	leaf
Lj lj	Љ љ	/ʎ/	li / l+j	ljudi	people
M m	М м	/m/	m	most	bridge
N n	Н н	/n/	n	noc	night
Nj nj	Њ њ	/ɲ/	ń	konj	horse
O o	О о	/o/	o	oko	eye
P p	П п	/p/	p	pes	dog
R r	Р р	/r/	r	ruka	hand
S s	С с	/s/	s	sneg	snow
Š š	Ш ш	/ʃ/	sz	širok	wide
T t	Т т	/t/	t	tma	darkness
U u	У у	/u/	u	ucho	ear
V v	В в	/v/	w	voda	water
Y y	Ы ы	/ɨ/	y	syn	son
Z z	З з	/z/	z	zima	winter
Ž ž	Ж ж	/ʒ/	ż / rz	žena	woman
Å å	(О)	/ɒ/	o/a (context)	(TorT form)	(historical)
Ę ę	Ѧ	/ʲæ/	ę	język	tongue
Ų ų	Ѫ	/u/	ą	rųka	hand
Ė ė	Ь	/ə/	e	sėrdce	heart
Ȯ ȯ	Ъ	/ə/	o	sȯlnce	sun
Ć ć	Ћ ћ	/t͡ɕ/	ć	noć	night
Đ đ	Ђ ђ	/d͡ʑ/	dź	međa	boundary
Ĺ ĺ	Ль	/ʎ/	li	ĺud	people
Ń ń	Нь	/ɲ/	ń	ńiva	field
Ŕ ŕ	Рь	/rʲ/	r+j	mŕtvy	dead
Ś ś	Сь	/ɕ/	ś	śvet	world
T́ t́	Ть	/tʲ/	ci/ć	ot́ec	father
Ź ź	Зь	/ʑ/	ź	laźiti	crawl

Imiona

 Želimir (male) Balkans “Peaceful desire”

Želimira (female) Balkans “Peaceful desire”

Dobroslav (male) Poland, Ukraine “Good glory”

Dobroslava (female) Poland, Czechia “Good glory”

Miroslav (male) Poland, Balkans, Czechia “Peaceful glory”

Miroslava (female) Poland, Czechia “Peaceful glory”

Bogdan (male) Ukraine, Balkans “Given by God”

Bogdana (female) Ukraine, Balkans “Given by God”

Bogumił (male) Poland “Dear to God”

Bogumiła (female) Poland “Dear to God”

Bogusław (male) Poland, Ukraine “God’s glory”

Bogusława (female) Poland “God’s glory”

Božidar (male) Balkans, Bulgaria “Gift of God”

Božidara (female) Balkans “Gift of God”

Dragomir (male) Balkans “Precious peace”

Dragomira (female) Balkans “Precious peace”

Dragutin (male) Serbia, Croatia “Precious one”

Dragana (female) Balkans “Precious one”

Lubomir (male) Czechia, Balkans “Loving peace”

Lubomira (female) Czechia, Balkans “Loving peace”

Radomir (male) Balkans, Poland “Joyful peace”

Radomira (female) Balkans, Poland “Joyful peace”

Radoslav (male) Poland, Balkans “Joyful glory”

Radoslava (female) Balkans, Poland “Joyful glory”

Stanislav (male) All Slavs “Firm glory”

Stanislava (female) All Slavs “Firm glory”

Vladislav (male) All Slavs “Rule with glory”

Vladislava (female) All Slavs “Rule with glory”

Jaroslav (male) Czechia, Slovakia, Rus’ “Fierce glory”

Jaroslava (female) Czechia, Slovakia “Fierce glory”

Przemysław (male) Poland “Clever glory”

Przemysława (female) Poland “Clever glory”

Kazimierz (male) Poland “He who destroys peace / establishes order”

Kazimiera (female) Poland “She who establishes order”

Zbygniew (male) Poland “To dispel anger”

Zbygniewa (female) Poland “She who dispels anger”

Świętosław (male) Poland, Ukraine, Russia “Holy glory”

Świętosława (female) Poland, Viking sagas “Holy glory”

Ciechosław (male) Archaic Poland “Quiet glory”

Ciechosława (female) Archaic Poland “Quiet glory”

Sieciech (male) Medieval Poland “Spreading honor”

Dobrociech (male) Medieval Poland “Good, comforting”

Wojciech (male) Poland “He who rejoices in battle”

Woj­sław (male) Archaic “Glory of battle”

Wojmir (male) Poland, archaic “World of war”

Mstislav (male) Rus’ “Avenger’s glory”

Velimir (male) South Slavs “Great peace”

Tihomir (male) Balkans “Quiet peace”

Milomir (male) Balkans “Gracious peace”

Milena (female) Balkans, Czechia “Gracious, dear”

Svetlana (female) Russia, Balkans “Radiant, holy light”

Zlatan (male) Balkans “Golden”

Zlatica (female) Slovakia “Golden”

Bożena (female) Poland, Slovakia “Divine, blessed”

Wiesław (male) Poland “Fame of the village”

Wiesława (female) Poland “Fame of the village”

Czesław (male) Poland “Honor, fame”

Czesława (female) Poland “Honor, fame”

Bronisław (male) Poland “Defender of glory”

Bronisława (female) Poland “Defender of glory”

Siemowit (male) Early Piasts “Strong family lord”

Siemomysł (male) Early Piasts “Thoughtful of the family”

Wszebor (male) Poland “Fighter for all”

Wszesław (male) Poland “Glory of all”

Gniewomir (male) Poland “Peace of anger”

Chwalimir (male) Poland “Praising peace”

Przybysław (male) Poland “One who arrived with glory”

Pribysława (female) Poland “She who arrived with glory”

Dobromiła (female) Archaic Poland “Good, gracious”

Radoszyń (female) Archaic Poland “Born for joy”

Dobrożyń (female) Archaic Poland “Born for goodness”

Sieciesława (female) Archaic Poland “Spreading glory”

Imiona

 Želimir (male) Balkans “Peaceful desire”

Želimira (female) Balkans “Peaceful desire”

Dobroslav (male) Poland, Ukraine “Good glory”

Dobroslava (female) Poland, Czechia “Good glory”

Miroslav (male) Poland, Balkans, Czechia “Peaceful glory”

Miroslava (female) Poland, Czechia “Peaceful glory”

Bogdan (male) Ukraine, Balkans “Given by God”

Bogdana (female) Ukraine, Balkans “Given by God”

Bogumił (male) Poland “Dear to God”

Bogumiła (female) Poland “Dear to God”

Bogusław (male) Poland, Ukraine “God’s glory”

Bogusława (female) Poland “God’s glory”

Božidar (male) Balkans, Bulgaria “Gift of God”

Božidara (female) Balkans “Gift of God”

Dragomir (male) Balkans “Precious peace”

Dragomira (female) Balkans “Precious peace”

Dragutin (male) Serbia, Croatia “Precious one”

Dragana (female) Balkans “Precious one”

Lubomir (male) Czechia, Balkans “Loving peace”

Lubomira (female) Czechia, Balkans “Loving peace”

Radomir (male) Balkans, Poland “Joyful peace”

Radomira (female) Balkans, Poland “Joyful peace”

Radoslav (male) Poland, Balkans “Joyful glory”

Radoslava (female) Balkans, Poland “Joyful glory”

Stanislav (male) All Slavs “Firm glory”

Stanislava (female) All Slavs “Firm glory”

Vladislav (male) All Slavs “Rule with glory”

Vladislava (female) All Slavs “Rule with glory”

Jaroslav (male) Czechia, Slovakia, Rus’ “Fierce glory”

Jaroslava (female) Czechia, Slovakia “Fierce glory”

Przemysław (male) Poland “Clever glory”

Przemysława (female) Poland “Clever glory”

Kazimierz (male) Poland “He who destroys peace / establishes order”

Kazimiera (female) Poland “She who establishes order”

Zbygniew (male) Poland “To dispel anger”

Zbygniewa (female) Poland “She who dispels anger”

Świętosław (male) Poland, Ukraine, Russia “Holy glory”

Świętosława (female) Poland, Viking sagas “Holy glory”

Ciechosław (male) Archaic Poland “Quiet glory”

Ciechosława (female) Archaic Poland “Quiet glory”

Sieciech (male) Medieval Poland “Spreading honor”

Dobrociech (male) Medieval Poland “Good, comforting”

Wojciech (male) Poland “He who rejoices in battle”

Woj­sław (male) Archaic “Glory of battle”

Wojmir (male) Poland, archaic “World of war”

Mstislav (male) Rus’ “Avenger’s glory”

Velimir (male) South Slavs “Great peace”

Tihomir (male) Balkans “Quiet peace”

Milomir (male) Balkans “Gracious peace”

Milena (female) Balkans, Czechia “Gracious, dear”

Svetlana (female) Russia, Balkans “Radiant, holy light”

Zlatan (male) Balkans “Golden”

Zlatica (female) Slovakia “Golden”

Bożena (female) Poland, Slovakia “Divine, blessed”

Wiesław (male) Poland “Fame of the village”

Wiesława (female) Poland “Fame of the village”

Czesław (male) Poland “Honor, fame”

Czesława (female) Poland “Honor, fame”

Bronisław (male) Poland “Defender of glory”

Bronisława (female) Poland “Defender of glory”

Siemowit (male) Early Piasts “Strong family lord”

Siemomysł (male) Early Piasts “Thoughtful of the family”

Wszebor (male) Poland “Fighter for all”

Wszesław (male) Poland “Glory of all”

Gniewomir (male) Poland “Peace of anger”

Chwalimir (male) Poland “Praising peace”

Przybysław (male) Poland “One who arrived with glory”

Pribysława (female) Poland “She who arrived with glory”

Dobromiła (female) Archaic Poland “Good, gracious”

Radoszyń (female) Archaic Poland “Born for joy”

Dobrożyń (female) Archaic Poland “Born for goodness”

Sieciesława (female) Archaic Poland “Spreading glory”

Slowo las – po lesie

 Interslavic:

Izraz “Les je cěly biely” pokazuje stary glasnik *ě. V poljskom jezyku to *ě obično pereselilo se v a, ale v nekotoryh padežah ono ostalo. Na primer: las – po lesie. To značit, že poljsky jezyk i dněs nosi svideteljstvo staro-slovjanskeho glasa.

To že možem viděti v drugih slovah:

• las – po lesie
• czas – w czasie
• świat – o świecie
• wiatr – na wietrze
• dział – ja dzielę
• biały - ja bielę
• jadam - jeść

To jest javisko izmeny korěnnyh glasov v osnovi, no sohranjenje staroho *e v padežah i dělnih formach.

English:

The phrase “Les je cěly biely” shows the old vowel *ě. In Polish this *ě usually shifted to a, but in certain grammatical cases it survived. For example: las – po lesie. This means that Polish still carries evidence of the old Slavic vowel.

We can see the same in other words (see above)

This is a phenomenon where the root vowel changed in the main form, but the old *e was preserved in case forms and derivatives.