Boletes

These are Boletus mirabilis or Xerocomellus zelleri

Shepherd Sling Shot - experimental anthropology

This slingshot shot took a lot of practice, but she had fun and became very consistent. 

Buy it on Amazon:

Item Name	Author Producer	Amazon link	Category
Shepherd's leather slingshot	by EASYANT	https://amzn.to/4aHNcGz	#survival

Ask anthropologist. What is a slingshot?

A shepherd’s sling is a simple, ancient weapon used to hurl stones (or lead weights in the Roman Empire) over long distances.

Essentially, two cords are attached to a pouch, spun overhead, and released at one end to send the projectile flying.

Historically, slings were not just warfare tools but also served shepherds as protective devices against predators threatening their flocks.

This low-tech solution highlights human ingenuity in leveraging basic physics—maximizing force and precision with minimal resources.

In some cultures, the sling remains in use today, showcasing its enduring relevance and simplicity. The evidence suggests its use dates back to at least 10,000 years ago.

Slings, after stones and spears, are considered among the oldest projectile weapons. They are represented in artifacts from ancient cultures worldwide, including Mesopotamia, Egypt, and South America.

They appear in archaeological records from the Neolithic era and have been mentioned in various historical texts, including the Bible, where the most famous story is that of David and Goliath.

Is slingshot useful today?

The sling is small and lightweight, so it fits in any pocket. Rounded stones can be found on the banks of almost any river. When proficient, it can be a survival hunting tool for small game such as rabbits, partridge, etc., and possibly a defensive tool against larger animals.

Oral culture cultural continuity

I've never seriously considered Plato’s story of Atlantis as anything other than a myth or philosophical allegory—until recently.

A thought-provoking video made me rethink this stance by highlighting geological and climatic cataclysms coinciding with the end of the Ice Age about 12,000 years ago. These catastrophic events, like rising sea levels due to melting ice sheets, would have devastated coastal communities, potentially obliterating entire civilizations.

Simultaneously, we observe remarkable evidence of sophisticated temple constructions, such as Göbekli Tepe in modern-day Türkiye, dating from approximately the same period.

These temples were built in an area populated by hunter-gatherer societies previously assumed incapable of such complexity. It challenges our assumptions about human societal evolution and raises profound questions about cultural continuity.

Could Plato's tale of Atlantis be more than fiction?

Human memory, particularly oral tradition, is extraordinarily persistent. Historically significant events, like massive floods caused by the impact of asteroids on the Indian Ocean, are documented in the Bible and preceding Mesopotamian sources. 

The Burckle Crater, located in the Indian Ocean east-southeast of Madagascar, is hypothesized to result from an asteroid or comet impact approximately 4,500 to 5,000 years ago. This event is suggested to have generated a megatsunami with a wave 180 meters (590 feet) high that could have formed large chevron-shaped dunes along Madagascar's southern coast, such as the Fenambosy Chevron.

The gradual and catastrophic submersion of cities during Ice Age meltwater events might have been preserved in collective cultural memories for millennia as well.

For example, the Missoula Floods, cataclysmic glacial floods that occurred approximately 13,000 to 15,000 years ago in the Pacific Northwest, dramatically reshaped landscapes across Washington State and Oregon.

Indigenous tribes of the Pacific Northwest have passed down oral traditions describing massive floods and immense geological upheaval. For example, the Kalispel, Yakima, and Spokane tribes all have stories of great floods and enormous waters rising and sweeping through valleys, which closely match geological evidence of the Missoula Floods.

One prominent story comes from the Yakama Nation, recounting massive floods that carved out the Columbia Gorge. Their narratives vividly describe rushing waters so immense they filled entire valleys, scattering large boulders and permanently altering the terrain.

Interestingly, these oral histories remained preserved across generations long before scientific discoveries in the 20th century confirmed the reality of these floods. These indigenous stories demonstrate humanity’s remarkable ability to pass down memories of significant geological events through oral traditions, reinforcing the idea that ancient tales, including Plato’s Atlantis, might similarly encode real historical memories of catastrophic natural phenomena.

We tend to underestimate the longevity and sophistication of human cultural traditions. Consider that modern humans have existed for roughly 200,000 years, with cognitive capabilities identical to ours. These people undoubtedly created sophisticated societies, cultures, and perhaps even civilizations comparable to the Greco-Roman model we admire today. However, in most of these societies, their innovations, philosophies, and cultural wealth would have been lost to history, fading beneath the waves of rising oceans and time.

We retain only fragments of their stories through mythology and ancient oral traditions. Atlantis might symbolize one such lost epoch, a distant echo of human potential repeatedly achieved and erased. Revisiting Plato's tale in this context encourages us to respect the profound depth and resilience of human memory and the cycles of achievement and loss that characterize our shared past.

• https://youtu.be/S7mRLjL6ZVY